How we choose (and keep) our friends.

Keelah applies an evolutionary psychological perspective to social behavior, with an emphasis on the formation and maintenance of friendships.

Two lines of inquiry

Two friends walking in conversation

Friendship

What do we want from friends, and why do men and women sometimes want different things? How do we hold on to friends when someone else comes along? Keelah’s work treats friendship as an alliance worth studying with the same rigor as romance or family.

Jealousy · venting and loyalty · emotional support · sex differences across cultures

Empty courtroom bathed in light

Law and social judgment

How do threats like scarcity change the punishments people endorse? Do the stereotypes we hold sometimes originate from circumstance rather than group membership? This work connects evolved social reasoning to legal decision-making.

Punishment · stereotypes · mediation and emotion · legal decision-making

Selected publications

  1. 2026
    Cross-societal evidence of sex differences in preference for emotional support from friends

    Williams, K. E. G., Li, Y., Chung, E., & Ayers, J.

    Evolution and Human Behavior , special issue on friendship

    Friendship
  2. 2024
    Venting makes our friends prefer—and preferentially support—us over the friends we vent about

    Krems, J. A., Merrie, L. A., Rodriguez, N. N., & Williams, K. E. G.

    Evolution and Human Behavior , 45(5), 106608

    Friendship
  3. 2022
    Sex differences in friendship preferences

    Williams, K. E. G., Krems, J. A., Ayers, J., & Rankin, A.

    Evolution and Human Behavior , 43(1), 44–52

    Friendship
  4. 2022
    Sex similarities and differences in friendship jealousy

    Krems, J. A., Williams, K. E. G., Merrie, L. A., Kenrick, D. T., & Aktipis, A.

    Evolution and Human Behavior

    Friendship
  5. 2021
    Friendship jealousy: One tool of friendship maintenance?

    Krems, J. A., Williams, K. E. G., Kenrick, D. T., & Aktipis, A.

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 120(4), 977–1012

    Friendship
  6. 2020
    Toward capturing the functional and nuanced nature of social stereotypes: An affordance management approach

    Neuberg, S. L., Williams, K. E. G., Sng, O., Pick, C. M., Neel, R., Krems, J. A., & Pirlott, A. G.

    Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 62, 245–304

    Stereotypes
  7. 2019
    Capital and punishment: Resource scarcity increases endorsement of the death penalty

    Williams, K. E. G., Votruba, A. M., Neuberg, S. L., & Saks, M. J.

    Evolution and Human Behavior

    Law & judgment
  8. 2016
    Ecology-driven stereotypes override race stereotypes

    Williams, K. E. G., Sng, O., & Neuberg, S. L.

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 113(2), 310–315

    Stereotypes

For the complete record, see Google Scholar or the CV.

students running a study session
Keelah with two student co-authors

Research with Hamilton students

Keelah works with students on every stage of the research process, from study design to publication.

Interested in joining the lab?